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Doesn’t occur directly in plants but can be produced by humans from beta carotene. Carrots, kale, spinach, honey melon, others, the list isn’t exactly short or expensive.

When talking evolution it’s not just humans, and human behaviour. The fasting metabolism, hunger hormone system etc. is shared through pretty much all of the animal kingdom. We had it before we left the seas. Fish don’t stockpile food, they store it in adipose tissue with about exactly the same mechanism as we do, there might not be much food around, that means increased competition, that means you need to be active, not lethargic, when hungry, and the level of exertion experienced during that fasting time will be taken by the body as the signal how much to bulk up, that’s why growth hormones are highly active at that time. We’re dealing with a truly ancient mechanism.

You can trust that I read up on the stuff or you can do it yourself or you can trust an army of gymbros to have done it.

There’s not a single nutrient you can’t get from plants or fungi, that wasn’t the issue. But yes it’s literally essential for vegans to know what they need as unlike the rest of us, they are way less covered by simply grabbing something from the supermarket shelf.

I’d argue the “eat before the workout” advise isn’t right: While you shouldn’t work out directly after eating as your body will direct energy towards digestion, working out on a fasting metabolism is beneficial as fasting comes with high levels of growth hormones. Evolutionary speaking: You’re not hunting when you have food, you’re hunting when you’re hungry. How can you have breakfast before you caught it.

You might not be able to hit peak performance at the tail end of even just an interval fast, but it is going to do all kinds of signalling to your body to put more energy into growing muscle. The growing happens not while you’re lifting, but after you inhaled the chicken you caught.

The most infuriating discussion I had online about proteins was with a vegan, their claim was “there is no such thing as essential amino acids”. Couldn’t get it into their head that a) there are essential amino acids but b) yes, unless you eat so horribly lopsided it’s unknown of anywhere but in horribly deprived populations or among some indigenous folks (pretty much only eating manioc or such) there’s nothing to worry about, you’ll get your essentials. Kinda like Vitamin C deficiency being unheard of in the developed world because even the most gutter-rat of diets still contains enough as an antioxidant. Still not a bad idea to pair beans with rice and lentils with noodles or bread, though, IMNSHO they just taste better that way around.

Especially infuriating as it was a vegan. If you choose to have a diet that requires nutritional knowledge to get right then don’t suck at it, and call your fellow travellers out when they’re spewing BS. I really doubt vegans are keen on yet another “I stopped being vegan and it fixed my anaemia” story. Take an apple or two. Either eat them, there’s your iron, or make a sauce that works with a sour/sweet accent (i.e. chunks of apple) and prepare it in an iron skillet, there, even more iron. It’s not hard but you gotta stop pretending that vegans can get by without understanding nutrition.

From all I know none of the systems that people have built come even close to testing the speedup: Is error correction going to get harder and harder the larger the system is, the more you ask it to compute? It might not be the case but quantum uncertainty is a thing so it’s not baseless naysaying, either.

Let me put on my tinfoil hat: Quantum physicists aren’t excited to talk about the possibility that the whole thing could be a dead end because that’s not how you get to do cool quantum experiments on VC money and it’s not like they aren’t doing valuable research, it’s just that it might be a giant money sink for the VCs which of course is also a net positive. Trying to break the limit might be the only way to test it, and that in turn might actually narrow things down in physics which is itching for experiments which can break the models because we know that they’re subtly wrong, just not how, data is needed to narrow things down.

Elon, judging from his twitter takes, understands this stuff even less than you do.

If brains were just very fast and powerful computers, then neuroscientist should be able to work with computers and engineers on brains.

Does not follow. Different architectures require different specialisations. One is research into something nature presents us, the other (at least the engineering part) is creating something. Completely different fields. And btw the analytical tools neuroscientists have are not exactly stellar, that’s why they can’t understand microprocessors (the paper is tongue in cheek but also serious).

But they are not equivalent.

They are. If you doubt that, you do not understand computation. You can read up on Turing equivalence yourself.

Consciousness, intelligence, memory, world modeling, motor control and input consolidation are way more complex than just faster computing.

The fuck has “fast” to do with “complex”. Also the mechanisms probably aren’t terribly complex, how the different parts mesh together to give rise to a synergistic whole creates the complexity. Also I already addressed the distinction between “make things run” and “make them run fast”. A dog-slow AGI is still an AGI.

The brain is not a Turing machine. It does not process tokens one at a time.

And neither are microprocessors Turing machines. A thing does not need to be a Turing machine to be Turing complete.

Turing completeness is a technology term

Mathematical would be accurate.

it shares with Turing machines the name alone,

Nope the Turing machine is one example of a Turing complete system. That’s more than “shares a name”.

Turing’s philosophical argument was not meant to be a test or guarantee of anything. Complete misuse of the concept.

You’re probably thinking of the Turing test. That doesn’t have to do anything with Turing machines, Turing equivalence, or Turing completeness, yes. Indeed, getting the Turing test involved and confused with the other three things is probably the reason why you wrote a whole paragraph of pure nonsense.

It stuck in popular culture, but time and time again neuroscientists and psychologists have found that it is a poor metaphor.

Notably, neither of those two disciplines are computer science. Silicon computers are Turing complete. They can (given enough time and scratch space) compute everything that’s computable. The brain cannot be more powerful than that you’d break causality itself: God can’t add 1 and 1 and get 3, and neither can god sort a list in less than O(n log n) comparisons. Both being Turing complete also means that they can emulate each other. It’s not a metaphor: It’s an equivalence. Computer scientists have trouble telling computers and humans apart just as topologists can’t distinguish between donuts and coffee mugs.

Architecturally, sure, there’s massive difference in hardware. Not carbon vs. silicon but because our brains are nowhere close to being von Neumann machines. That doesn’t change anything about brains being computers, though.

There’s, big picture, two obstacles to AGI: First, figuring out how the brain does what it does and we know that current AI approaches aren’t sufficient,secondly, once understanding that, to create hardware that is even just a fraction as fast and efficient at executing erm itself as the brain is.

Neither of those two involve the question “is it even possible”. Of course it is. It’s quantum computing you should rather be sceptical about, it’s still up in the air whether asymptotic speedups to classical hardware are even physically possible (quantum states might get more fuzzy the more data you throw into a qbit, the universe might have a computational upper limit per unit volume or such).

The US has a treaty allowing people to travel to the US bases there, there’s some language about not being an ass while travelling through but it’d be a pain to invoke for the crime of knocking on people’s doors.

The gold standard for party bongs is shitpipes. Dunno about other places but for a Euro standard one, you need, bottom to top, 1x 100mm end cap, 1x 100mm sleeve (pipe to pipe coupling), 1x 100mm adapter to 40mm (the 100mm side should fit the sleeve), some length of 40mm pipe, some means to drill two holes, and two things not available at any random hardware store: a preferably metal what’s it called in English the thing that goes into the water and some tissue to tighten that metal thing in its hole, wrap in a taper and twist in. Try to get an adapter that’s angled, there’s also ones with a flat step instead of (quite aggressively) tapering the diameter.

Completely and utterly indestructible at least when it comes to banging it up. In principle also fit to handle acetone those Euro standard pipes are polypropylene but I wouldn’t push it. Tons of water in there, definitely bottom-heavy, and very light when empty.

You really don’t clean it you let it get gunky, just replace the water, it’s not like the gunk would dissolve into there. If you really have to, just spend what five to ten bucks on new hardware. Euro pipes should in principle hold up to acetone they’re PP but eh, why. If it works it’s probably still going to make the thing unsable for a week or so.